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Standardization and Biological Activity Screening of Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook. Leaf Extract

초록/요약 도움말

Plants have traditionally been a major source of natural products, widely used in herbal medicine across the world. Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook. is a halophyte that was first documented in 1830. While much research has focused on the morphology and ecological role of C. edentula, its biological properties and phytochemical composition have yet to be explored. Notably, the young leaves of the plant are utilized as natural food source in parts of Europe, often served as an ingredient in salads. This thesis study therefore aims to standardize and evaluate the biological properties and phytochemical composition of C. edentula leaf extract, with the goal of optimizing its utilization. In this study, I first prepared a crude extract of dried C. edentula leaf and then partitioned it into organic solvent-soluble layers. The samples were screened for antioxidant, whitening, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties using a range of assays, including DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), mushroom tyrosinase inhibition, Minimal Inhibitory concentration (MIC), MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, and qRT-PCR analysis, respectively. While the extracts exhibited potent antioxidant, whitening, and anti-inflammatory activities, no antimicrobial or cytotoxic effects were observed. Phytochemicals of the crude extract were first analyzed with the measurement of phenolic and flavonoid contents. The phenolic and flavonoids contents were estimated to be 26.8 mg GAE/g and 32.6 mg QE/g, respectively. The major phytochemicals 1-9 in the crude extract were struc-turally characterized using column chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonances (NMR) spectroscopy. Compound 3 was selected as the marker compound for C. edentula leaf extract, and its quantification indicated that the extract contained 19 % of this compound. This thesis presents the first standardization of edible C. edentula leaf extract and suggests its potential applications in healthy-functional foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

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초록/요약 도움말

식물은 과거부터 천연물의 주된 자원으로 전 세계적으로 약재로 널리 사용되어 왔다. 서양갯냉이 (Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook.)는 1830년 처음으로 보고되어진 염생 식물이다. 하지만 많은 연구가 서양갯냉이의 형태와 생태적 역할에 대한 연구를 진행됐을 뿐 생물학적 활성과 성분 분석에 대해서는 연구되지 않았다. 서양갯냉이의 어린 잎은 유럽 일부 지역에서 샐러드 혹은 파슬리 같이 향신료로써 식품으로 활용되고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 서양갯냉이 잎 추출물의 생물학적 활성을 스크리닝하고 소재의 표준화를 통해 잎 추출물을 건강 기능성 식품, 화장품, 그리고 의약품과 같이 다양한 분야에서 활용할 수 있도록 생물학적 활성 스크리닝과 소재의 표준화를 목표로 연구를 진행하였다. 건조된 서양갯냉이 잎으로부터 100 % EtOH을 이용하여 추출물을 형성하고 유기용매를 이용한 분획으로 분획물을 확보하였다. 각 시료는 DPPH, ABTS, 최소 억제 농도 (MIC), mushroom tyrosinase inhibition, 세포독성, qRT-PCR을 포함한 다양한 실험을 통해 항산화, 미백, 항균, 세포독성 및 항염증 활성을 평가하였다. 추출물은 강력한 항산화, 미백 및 항염증 활성을 보였으나, 항균 및 세포 독성의 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 잎 추출물의 성분 분석은 먼저 총 phenol 및 flavonoid 함량을 측정하여 분석하였으며, 그 결과 각각 26.8 mg GAE/g. 32.6 mg QE/g으로 확인하였다. 서양갯냉이 잎 추출물에서 주요 성분 1-9는 column chromatography, 질량 분석 및 핵자기 공명 (NMR) 분광법을 이용해 구조를 특성화 하였다. 서양갯냉이 잎 추출물의 지표 성분은 화합물 3을 지정하였고, 이를 통해 정량분석을 진행하였다. 정량분석 결과 서양갯냉이 잎 추출물 내 화합물 3은 19 %이 함유되어 있음을 확인하였다. 서양갯냉이 잎 추출물의 소재 표준화와 생물학적 활성 스크리닝을 통하여 서양갯냉이의 잎 추출물이 건강 기능성 식품, 화장품 및 의약품에서의 활용 가능성을 제안하였다.

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목차 도움말

Abstract I
국문 요약 III
List of Tables VII
List of Figures VIII
I. Introduction 1
II. Materials and Methods
1. General experimental procedures 4
2. Plant material 4
3. Preparation of crude extract and its solvent-partitioned layers 4
4. Antioxidant activity 5
5. Tyrosinase inhibition assay 5
6. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay 5
7. Analysis of total phenolic content (TPC) 6
8. Analysis of total flavonoid content (TFC) 6
9. Cell culture 6
10. Cell viability assay 7
11. Nitric oxide (NO) detection assay 7
12. quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) 7
13. Isolation and purification of compounds 8
14. Quantitative analysis of the marker compound 9
15. Statistical analysis 9
III. Results
1. Collection and extract preparation of Cakile edentula leaves 10
2. Preparation of organic solvent-soluble fractions from C. edentula leaf extract 11
3. Antioxidant properties of C. edentula leaf extract 12
4. Mushroom tyrosinase inhibition effect of C. edentula leaf extract 14
5. Antimicrobial activities of C. edentula leaf extract (Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungi) 15
6. Cell cytotoxicity of C. edentula leaf extract 18
7. Anti-inflammatory effects of C. edentula leaf extract (Nitric oxide detection and qRT-PCR) 19
8. Quantification of C. edentula leaf extract 21
9. Phytochemical analysis of C. edentula leaf extract 23
10. UV spectra of compounds 25
11. Chemical structure of compounds from C. edentula leaf extract 26
12. Structure elucidation of compound 3-9 27
13. Quantitative analysis of marker compound in C. edentula 42
14. Antioxidant effects of compounds on ABTS assay 44
15. Antioxidant effects of compounds on DPPH assay 45
16. Mushroom tyrosinase inhibition effect of compounds 46
17. Anti-inflammatory effects of compound 47
IV. Discussion 49
V. References 51

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