수돗물에서의 미량유해물질 분석을 위한 개량화된 방법 및 강원도 지역 수질변화 특성에 관한 연구
A Study on the Improved Analytical Methods for Trace Hazardous Compounds and Water Quality Change Characteristics in Tap Water of Gangwon Province
- 발행기관 江陵大學校 大學院
- 지도교수 朴光河
- 발행년도 2007
- 학위수여년월 2007. 8
- 학위명 박사
- 학과 및 전공 環境應用化學工學科
- 원문페이지 xiii, 188 p.
- 본문언어 한국어
초록/요약
In many drinking water treatment plants, chlorination process is one of the main techniques used for the disinfection of water. This disinfecting treatment leads to formation of disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes(THMs), haloacetic acids(HAAs), haloacetonitriles(HANs), Endocrine Disrupters(EDs) such as bis-2-ethylhexylphthalate(DEHP), bis-2 -ethylhexyladipate(DEHA) and muti-residue pesticides such as organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, carbaryl(NAC). In this study, volatile organic compounds containing trihalomethanes were analysed by gas chromato-graphy equipped with μ-ECD and purge & trap concentrator using Aquatek liquid autosampler. Muti-residue pesticides, haloacetic acids and haloacetonitriles were analysed by gas chromato-graphy equipped with μ-ECD and NPD. Endocrine Disrupters (EDs) were analysed by gas chromato-graphy equipped with MSD. The simultaneous analytical method of muti-residue pesticides in drinking water treatment plants were established by gas chromatography (Hewlett Packard HP 68990N). For analyzing muti-residue pesticides, HP-5MS [(30 m × 0.25 mm (ID) × 0.25 ㎛) 5 % diphenyl 95 % dimethylpolysiloxane] capillary column was used in μ-electron capture detector(μ-ECD) and Ultra Ⅱ[(30 m × 0.25 mm(ID) × 0.25 ㎛) 100 % dimethylpolysiloxane] capillary column was used in nitrogen phosphorus detector(NPD). Recovery for sample was > 70 % and Calibration curves showed a good linearity (r2 > 0.999) except 3 pesticides including chlorothalonil in drinking water treatment plants. All of the sample were not detected, it is suggested that this method will be useful to the determination of muti-residue pesticides and monitoring in the environmental matrices such as drinking water treatment plants. Bis-2-ethylhexylphthalate(DEHP), is-2-ethylhexyladipate(DEHA) were extracted form drinking water treatment plants by liquid-liquid extraction with hexane 5000, concentrated and then injected in GC-MSD(SIM). To peak shapes of DEHP, DEHA were quantitate with linear calibration curves over a range of 1 - 4 ㎍/ℓ in DEHP standard(r2 > 0.99918) and DEHA (r2> 0.99854). Method detection limits(MDL) were 0.183(DEHP) and 0.114 (DEHA). All of the sample were not detected, it is suggested that this method will be useful to the determination of DEHP, DEHA and monitoring in the environmental matrices such as drinking water treatment plants. This study was carried out to investigate the analytical methods and the formation of Trihalomethanes(THMs) in raw water and finished water at 35 Water Treatment Plants. THMs were affected by the pH, temperature, residual chlorine and rainfall. When the temperature rises above zero and the weather condition maintains the dry season, THMs were increased with the growth of pH. The average maximum concentration of THMs was 0.0063 ㎎/L, 0.0076 ㎎/L during March and April in the early spring. The average minimum concentration of THMs was 0.0030 ㎎/L, 0.0043㎎/L during December and January in winter. On the other hand, the residual chlorine was increased with falling below zero. It is suggested that this study is applied to the environmental and political data trying to fine a plan to the management and reducing method of the residual chlorine product in accordance with strengthening of disinfection in the water treatment plant. This study was carried out to investigate the analytical methods and the formation of Trace Hazardous Compounds in tap water at 87 Water Treatment Plants. Trace Hazardous Compounds were affected by the Hydrogen Ion Exponent(pH), KMNO4, Residual Chlorine, THMs, Chloroform, Haloacetic acids(HAAs), Chloralhydrate and Dichloroacetinitrile. The average of Hydrogen Ion Exponent concentrations were 6.92, 6.73, 6.85, 6.75, 7.02, 7.02, 7.48, 7.34, 6.86 and 6.67, KMNO4 concentrations were 0.73 ㎎/L, 0.81 ㎎/L, 1.02 ㎎/L, 0.89 ㎎/L, 0.67㎎/L, 0.70 ㎎/L, 0.88 ㎎/L, 1.00 ㎎ /L, 0.89 ㎎/L and 1.12 ㎎/L, Residual Chlorine concentrations were 0.70 ㎎ /L, 0.73 ㎎/L, 0.80 ㎎/L, 0.76 ㎎/L, 0.83㎎/L, 0.68 ㎎/L, 0.73 ㎎/L, 0.63 ㎎/L, 0.67 ㎎/L and 0.88 ㎎/L in Imjinggang, Bughangang, Soyanggang, Hongcheongang, Seomgang, Pyongchanggang, Namhangang, Nagdonggang, Donghaean and Naelincheon. The average maximum of Chloroform concentrations were 0.0020 ㎎/L and 0.0014 ㎎/L in Soyanggang and Naelincheon, THMs concentrations were 0.0038 ㎎/L and 0.0036 ㎎/L in Naelincheon and Donghaean, THMs concentrations were 0.0038 ㎎/L and 0.0036 ㎎/L in Naelincheon and Donghaean, Chloralhydrate concentrations were 0.0026 ㎎/L and 0.0019 ㎎/L in Naelincheon and Donghaean, Dichloroacetinitrile concentrations were 0.0010 ㎎/L in Naelincheon and Soyanggang, HAAS concentrations were 0.0061 ㎎/L and 0.0056 ㎎/L in Soyanggang and Naelincheon. It is suggested that this study is applied to the environmental and political data trying to fine a plan to the management and reducing method of the residual chlorine product in accordance with strengthening of disinfection in the water treatment plant.
more목차
I. 서 론 = 1
1. 연구배경 및 목적 = 1
2. 연구범위 = 7
II. 이론적 고찰 = 8
1. 국내 수자원 현황 = 8
1.1. 상수도 현황 = 9
1.2. 상수도 처리 과정 = 11
2. 국내외 상수도의 규제 = 12
2.1. 국내 상수도 기준 설정에 대한 변화 과정 = 12
2.2. 국내 상수도 수질 항목 규제 기준 = 16
2.3. 선진 외국의 수질 기준 설정과 규제 = 19
2.4. 국내 상수원수 수질 환경 기준 = 23
2.5. 국외 상수원수 수질 환경 기준 = 25
3. 미량물질의 분석법 현황 = 27
3.1. GC에 의한 유기화학물질의 전처리 분석법 현황 = 27
3.2. 크로마토그래피의 발전 과정 = 28
3.3. 크로마토그래피의 기기의 구성 = 29
3.4. Gas Chromatography 분석 장비 검출기의 특성 = 31
III. 조사 방법 = 37
IV. 잔류농약에 관한 분석법 및 수질변화 특성 = 40
1. 이론적 고찰 = 40
1.1. 유기염소계 농약 = 41
1.2. 유기인계 농약 = 42
1.3. 카바이트계 및 기타 합성 농약 = 43
2. 재료 및 방법 = 45
2.1. 유기염소계 분석 = 45
2.2. 유기인계 분석 = 51
2.3. 카바릴 분석 = 57
3. 실험 결과 = 62
3.1. 유기염소계, 유기인계 및 카바릴 잔류농약 분석 실험 = 62
3.2. 잔류농약의 생성특성 = 76
V. 내분비장애물질중DEHP(bis-2-ethylhexylphthalate) = 78
1. 이론적 고찰 = 78
2. 재료 및 방법 = 80
2.1. 표준 용액 및 시약 = 80
2.2. 시료의 전처리 = 80
2.3. 분석기기 및 장치 = 83
3. 실험 결과 = 85
3.1. GC에 의한 분리 및 회수율 = 85
3.2. 내분비장애물질인 DEHP와 DEHA의 생성특성 = 90
VI. 소독부산물에 관한 분석법 및 수질변화 특성 = 92
1. 이론적 고찰 = 92
2. 재료 및 방법 = 97
2.1. 휘발성 유기물질(Volatile Organic Chemicals : VOCs) 분석 = 97
2.2. 할로아세토니트릴(Haloacetonitriles, HANs)과 클로랄하이 = 101
2.3. 할로아세틱에시드(Haloacetic acids, HAAs) 분석 = 105
3. 실험 결과 = 110
3.1. 염소 소독부산물 분석 실험 = 110
3.2. 잔류염소에 따른 생성특성 = 123
3.3. 수소이온농도에 따른 생성특성 = 132
3.4. 과망간산칼륨소비량에 따른 생성특성 = 137
3.5. 원수 중 부유물질에 따른 생성특성 = 141
3.6. 트리할로메탄(Trihalomethanes, THMs)에 따른 생성특성 = 143
3.7. 할로아세토니트릴(Haloacetonitriles, HANs)과 클로랄하이 = 152
3.8. 할로아세틱에시드(Haloacetic acids, HAAs)에 따른 생성특성 = 157
VII. 종합 결론 및 고찰 = 161
Abstract = 168
참고 문헌 = 172
